Topic 6 Consonant Phonemes in Description
“The
distinctive features of consonants are decided by the articulators used, the
manner in which the airstream is controlled and the presence or absence of
vocal fold activity.” (Samuel R. Faircloth)
These 3 factors are considered to decide the characteristics of a
consonant phoneme.
A) Place of Production
1) Bilabial -----
/ p /, / b /, / m / (Bi = two)
(labial = lips)
(When the airstream is obstructed by the lips)
2) Labio-dental -----
/ f /, / v / (lip and teeth)
(When the lower lip approximate the upper
teeth)
3) Lingua-interdental -----
/ θ /,
/ ð
/ (lingua = tongue)
(When the tongue tip is projected in between the biting edges of the
upper and lower central incisor teeth)
4) Lingua-alveolar -- / t /, / d
/, / s /, / z /, / l /, / r /, / n /
(When the tongue approaches or contacts the alveolar ridge)
5) Lingua-palatal -----
/ ∫
/, / ӡ /, / t∫/,/ dӡ / / j /
(When a portion of the tongue approximates the hard palate)
6) Lingua- velar -----
/ k /, / g /, / ŋ /
(When
the back of the tongue contacts the velum)
B) Manners of Production
1)
Plosives ----- / p /, / b /, / t /, / d /, / k /, / g /
(When
airstream is momentarily stopped and released suddenly)
2)
Fricatives --- / f v / / θ
ð / / s
z / / ∫ ӡ / / h /
(When
the articulator are held in a relatively stable position
allowing continuous production of the sound through a narrow gap
in the articulator and producing friction sounds.)
3) Affricatives -----
/ t∫ /, / dӡ /
(the combination of a plosive and a fricative sound)
22.
4) Glides -----
/ w /, / j /, / l /, / r / (/ l
/lateral) (/r/ retroflex)
(When the sound is produced by the fast movement of one articulator to another)
* / w / and / j / are considered as semi-vowels.
5) Nasal
----- / m /, / n /, / ŋ /
(when the phonated airstream is diverted to the nasal cavity)
C) Voiceless or Voiced
It is the activity of the vocal folds that decide if the consonant phoneme is voiceless or voiced.
Voiceless Consonant Phonemes (9)
/
p /, / t /, / k /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / f /, / s /, / θ /, / h /
Voiced Consonant Phonemes (15)
/ b /, / d /, / g /. / ӡ /, / dӡ /, / v /, / z /, / ð
/,
/ m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / l /, / r /, / j /, / w /
Consonant phonemes also act as
"syllable-releasing or syllable arresting" (1).
For example, the phoneme ‘p’ in the word ‘stop’ acts as
syllable-arresting.
However, ‘p’ in the word ‘play’ acts as
syllable-releasing.
The plural nouns or singular verbs of the
word ended in Voiceless Consonant Phonemes (/ p /, / t /, / k /, / f /, / θ /) have the / s / speech sound
for the letter ‘s’.
Nouns in Plural Verbs in
Singular
[He /She /It]
ships /
∫Ips / stops / stɒps /
shirts / ∫3:ts / hits /
hIts /
sticks / stIks / picks / pIks /
roofs / ru:fs / laugh /
la: fs /
paths /
pa: θs /
Nouns in Plural
tubs / tʌbz / beds / bedz /
bags / bægz / sums /
sʌmz /
nuns /
nʌnz / girls /
g3:lz /
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